liquid dpm for concrete floors. 4. liquid dpm for concrete floors

 
 4liquid dpm for concrete floors Liquid dpm would do a job if you have a good clean floor and no existing damp issues

30811761. • Protects walls and floors from water ingress and dampness. DAMP BARRIER PAINT - A highly advanced styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), liquid applied membrane paint. Once applied, it cures to form a flexible and elastic membrane that. The concrete slab I poured for my utility room extension is slightly uneven - a small dip into the centre. There is no damp proofing at all and the floor was a bit damp. Made from recycled materials. 11 – 131. Features. All laps and joints should be at 150mm and taped to avoid displacement. Damp proof membranes can be used to help resolve damp issues which already. It’s primarily designed for brushing onto concrete floors and fine concrete screeds. In the morning, feel the top of the plastic. I would. Damp Proof Course (DPC): This is a membrane used in walls to prevent the passage of moisture. For application onto concrete and cement based substrates; Suppresses the passage of residual construction moisture up to 98% RH when full coverage is achieved ; Capable of. 14 May 2010. You also mentioned that there are vinyl tiles over the floor. Drybase BBA Tanking Slurry - 25kg. A liquid DPM such as Bostik Cempolatex Moisture Suppressant must be applied in two coats. Product benefits. She has ground water under the garage that comes through the concrete. 5L. Broom Overlay Mix 6000 PSIAdd water and mix - Grey or white. Self-leveling concrete can be used as an underlayment for tile, carpet, or other floor coverings. Protects the floorcovering from residual construction moisture and ground water vapour. Allow this treatment to work and wash down to leave a clean surface. 49 Inc Vat. There is no damp proofing on the floor. For Interior & Exterior Use. It can be applied very simply with an airless paint spray machine, roller or paintbrush. I'd like to put a bit of self levelling compound down so the insulation is evenly supported. It is supplied ready to use. Apply the first coat in one direction, ensuring that the material is worked well into the substrate. 100m² per roll. 3mm per dried coat) This corresponds to approx 1. Damp proofing concrete floors isn't terribly difficult, although it can be time-consuming and confusing. Technoseal Damp Proof Paint is a ready to use, SBR based, liquid damp proof membrane (DPM) which provides a seamless barrier against water penetration, radon, gas. 186. The membrane is a tough structural material and is often used as part of basement waterproofing solutions too. £4. DPM Floor Membranes. Where oil and grease are present it should be treated with a degreasing agent several times to ensure it has been fully lifted. If the coating is not going to be the final decorative surface and a floor covering will be applied afterwards then a ready-to-use latex-based coating, such as. 1. Features & benefits. !! 2 Coats is good - 3 is better still. The spacing between support posts and beams should not exceed 4 feet. This can be due to: Moisture rising through the concrete. The DPM should: have sealed laps of at least 300mm wide. These attributes combined produce a unique multi-purpose liquid DPM with dozens of potential applications including but not limited to: • Damp proofing storage basements, where other tanking methods too costly • Damp proof paint for walls and ceilings • Concrete Floors: as a tough liquid floor DPM applied above or below screeds. Speak with a technical adviser if unsure. . Description . When laying a solid wood, Real Wood or laminate floor over a cement-based sub-floor, a paintable damp proof membrane should be used to prevent moisture penetrating from below. An insulation foam board needs to be laid directly on top of the concrete floor. Rolling out damp proof membrane across a floor to prevent damp. Drybase White Liquid Damp Proof Membrane - 5L (0) £55 . Holds back rising damp where a damp proof membrane is either missing or defective. 99. Sika Rapid DPM (Damp Proof Membrane) is a solvent free reaction curing resin for use on cement based substrates. For external tiled areas, we would always advice on the use of a capillary passive drainage system like BAL’s new external tiling systems which ensure the rapid drainage of tiled surfaces. Laitance must also be removed from concrete. Product is solvent-free, so odourless and taint free, making it ideal for all internal applications. It is available in black or white with a consistency similar to that of thick emulsion paint. The choice of application method depends on personal preference and the substrate being treated. If the problem is moisture, lift the vinyl and allow the concrete to dry properly. you need to dig up the old concrete then lay a couple inches of sharp sand. Drybase Black Liquid Damp Proof Membrane - 5L (0) £55 . Slimline floor membranes, on the other hand, are quick and easy to install and create an air gap that allows for finishes to be applied while the damp floor is still drying out. Protection up to 3m. • Solvent Free, Low Odour. DPM’s can be applied to either a suitable blinding layer under the slab or internally to the top of the slab. In this video I apply a damp proof membrane / tanking slurry to a concrete floor to stop moisture coming in to the building where we have issues with mould a. Whoever did the repair once the fireplace was taken out didn't bother putting any DPC down and just filled it with a concrete/sand mix which had just crumbled over time. Add to basket. , 1/8 in. 5 m²/litre Liquid epoxy DPM is often used as a remedial solution for existing concrete floors, as it creates an impermeable layer that keeps water in the concrete slab. dried sand broadcast into the wet. Click & Collect. Pour the resin into a clean, dry bucket. It did not cause any problems before (I took off the old screed and tiled floor already). It can also be used as an adhesive for the likes of wood block flooring and insulation boards, or as a plaster bonding agent – even on difficult surfaces. Liquid floor screed is ideally placed at depths of between 50 -75mm in conjunction with UFH. Once applied, the product cures to form a membrane that is flexible and elastic. T1000 Stampable OverlayFor use with resurfacing concrete floors and hardscapes. This water-based compound can be applied to damp concrete floor slabs, screeds and walls. Damp Floor Epoxy Kit. Suitable for all areas of a home, DPM is available in a choice of fabric and liquid forms. Would a liquid dpm work,in past I had similar problem, I've just poured some liquid dpm in to the hole & help it with a trowel to find it's way under the concrete,seem to work as I never had damp issue when I moved indoor stop cock to new position at previous place & here when I laid new pipe under utilty floor after clay pipe failed, 10 years on, not. A liquid-applied damp-proof membrane (DPM) is a simple and effective solution for damp-proofing a concrete floor. This barrier is intended to stop moisture passing from one to the other. Contractor wants to paint Sika Primer MD on top of the self leveling compound. Damp Floor Epoxy Kit. Self Leveling OverlayFind the overlay to meet your project's needs. Use a Vapour Barrier Membrane or Damp Proof Membrane. In this video I apply a damp proof membrane / tanking slurry to a concrete floor to stop moisture coming in to the building where we have issues with mould a. It is available in black or white with a consistency similar to that of thick emulsion paint. Damp Proofing Concrete Floors With Liquid Membranes. Features. Bostik's damp proof membranes provide essential moisture mitigation and suppression for subfloors, helping to protect your installation for years to come. At DryCore , we have seen hundreds of cases like this and have helped clients to overcome the problem using various professional damp proofing methods. uk. Isolates damp substrates for new floor finishes including carpets and laminated flooring. Thanks for the response. These products are relatively simple to apply, although significant surface preparation work is usually required. It. How to do Damp Proof Membrane of your sub-floor. As a result, it’s important, particularly if you’re planning a DIY installation, to ascertain the best way to fit your floor. 5 m²/litreLiquid epoxy DPM is often used as a remedial solution for existing concrete floors, as it creates an impermeable layer that keeps water in the concrete slab. . € 80. Small hole dug through 2" soft sandy concrete to reveal hardcore and soil. Delta Water Based Epoxy Resin is suitable for all applications where concrete or masonry requires waterproofing and protection. Universal DPM allows immediate installation of moisture sensitive floor finishes onto damp concrete and screed. Sikabond Rapid DPM is a solvent free reaction curing resin primer and damp-proof membrane for cement based substrates. T ·Öí 4. Mapelastic AquaDefense is a premixed, advanced liquid-rubber, extremely quick-drying waterproofing and crack-isolation membrane for installation under ceramic tile or stone in residential, commercial and industrial environments. 80 Inc VAT. You can buy self-levelling floor screed compound from any DIY store. These can adversely affect a concrete slab on grade. 186. BAL DPM is resistant to water, chemicals, grease and pollutants, and can be used internally or externally either as a DPM, primer, waterproofer or residual m. is this a concrete ground floor? were the marleytiles stuck down with a yellowish adhesive, or a black, bitumous coating?. I plan to tank the walls too, but want to know if I should treat the breeze block walls with a chemical DPC first?. This is where a damp-proof membrane (DPM) is put into use; essentially a large sheet of polythene, bituminous felt or copper sheet which should be placed between the concrete slab and the screed. 22 August 2019 at 10:27AM. This can only normally be guaranteed if its an new build or extension and most houses have been sold, inherited etc. Applications: Floors. You are essentially painting a concrete floor, after all! But it is an effective way to do it. Liquid Epoxy Damp Proof Membrane - 5kg. A damp proof membrane (DPM) is used to create a barrier between a concrete (or screed) subfloor and the floor covering that is laid on top such as wood, ceramic or quartz tiles, laminate or carpet. Ask the mods to move your thread to Flooring forum and see: dazlight Fri 29 aug 2020 for a specific response to a difficult surface. The damp surveyor has identified the laminate flooring as a possible cause. Whether you need to cure a damp concrete floor with a liquid DPM or paint your garage we have a specialist paint product fit for purpose. Acts as a bonding agent for plaster and curing agent for concrete. Preferred methods of floor construction for such premises are full-thickness trowelled concrete or a topping on a concrete base. £6. Provides a flexible and resilient barrier to penetrating damp on walls and floors. 2. Any recommendation on products to use- most I've found say only suitable for concrete, I've only found multi tite 2k suitable for both but it's not cheap. Coverage: A minimum dried coating thickness of 0. 100% solids, high build coating. Concrete ground floor. The choice of application method depends on personal preference and the substrate being treated. These can over time allow a build up. Speak with a technical adviser if unsure. Unlikely to have any DPM. The membrane should be linked to the DPC/cavity tray. Larsen DPM Universal is a superior 2 pack epoxy surface applied liquid damp proof membrane that enables laying of flooring even where moisture levels are at their highest up to 98% RH. Add to basket. P. Liquid DPM and waterproofing paint to waterproof and damp proof your property. You are essentially painting a concrete floor, after all! But it is an effective way to do it. That means it’s a perfect paint on damp proofing. Thread starter Wonky1000; Start date 31 Oct 2022; Tags damp floor. £. 10cm squared) and tape it to the floor. DynamiteMatt; 17 Dec 2013; Floors, Stairs and Lofts; Replies 1 Views 1K. Also for capillary ascending humidity and higher residual humidity up to 6 CM% in cement paving without floor heating on heated cement paving up to max. Tiles came up very easily with zero bitumen attached. By choosing the right product for your application and following the manufacturer’s instructions carefully, you can enjoy peace of mind knowing that your concrete floors will. Once applied, it cures to form a flexible and elastic damp-proof membrane. The wrong adhesive being used to lay the vinyl, or. 3 CM%. Apply sand-blind base (this base should be level to within 5mm along any 3m straight edge). The product definitely gets the job done with great value for money. Wakol PU280 Polyurethane Primer: is for priming absorbent and non-absorbent subfloors, and to reinforce abraded concrete edges. DPM Floor Membrane above Concrete. Liquid DPM 5L. wet coating. Browse damp-proof membrane products from Toolstation here. Ready to use, effective damp proof membrane. £41. Floors, Stairs and Lofts. The DPM will be laid first, usually as a liquid product 'painted or trowelled' onto the concrete surface, then the screed laid over that. If there was no dpm I would suggest a uniformal distribution across the whole floor. Drybase Liquid-Applied DPM, Drybase ECS Epoxy Floor Coating, and many products from the Vandex range including Vandex BB75 and Vandex Unimortar 2 can be applied directly on to damp floors to form a damp-proof barrier. Now, cut a small square of plastic (approx. Our liquid waterproof membrane is a liquid DPM that makes your floors durable and water-resistant. Drybase® Liquid-Applied DPM is suitable for use on solid floors, embedded timbers and floor-to-wall. DAMP PROOF MEMBRANE A DPM is a continuous and impervious membrane applied above or below ground floor slabs to prevent water ingress into a structure. 5kg Tins of Epoxy DPM. other floor coverings including tiles, vinyl, wood and ca. Isolates damp substrates for new floor finishes including carpets and laminated flooring. Self Leveling OverlayFind the overlay to meet your project's needs. Walls: Can be used under render or plaster as a water barrier or. e. 00. Drybase Black Liquid Damp Proof Membrane - 5L (0)The DPM may be above or below the concrete and continuous with DPC in walls and piers (See Figure 1). Joined 22 Jan 2007 Messages 15. It is laid on top of a subfloor to keep moisture at bay and ensure natural timber. Premixed single part, waterproof membrane. Can damp come up through a concrete floor? The easiest issues to isolate and fix with damp floors are problems with above. ARDEX DPM has excellent. This must cover the whole floor area. A liquid-applied DPM (damp proof membrane) is a simple solution and an excellent way to damp proof a concrete floor. You can see a few more examples for damp proofing a concrete floor here. Choosing a damp proof membraneLiquid dpm on concrete floor with no dpm. An ARDEX Damp Proof Membrane will protect the floorcovering. Clean quarry tiles. A liquid epoxy damp proof membrane (DPM) is a two-component epoxy resin membrane, specifically designed to be applied to damp floors to create a barrier between your floor and the layer below. 00 Ex VAT. Apply the first coat in one direction, ensuring that the material is worked well into the substrate. Apply the first coat in one direction, ensuring that the material is worked well into the substrate. Fierce Protection For Damp Floors. Call us on 302 244 0179 or submit an enquiry for contact information of contractors in your area. of the floor. 75 m2 1. It can also be used as an adhesive for the likes of wood block flooring and insulation boards, or as a plaster bonding agent – even on difficult surfaces. Plenty of cement/latex/fibre. If a DPM has failed or perhaps was never installed in the first place, the features. From the mid 1960s to the mid 1990s a typical concrete floor comprised a layer of hardcore, a polythene damp proof membrane laid on a thin bed of sand (to prevent puncturing), and a floor screed. uk. When damp proofing a concrete garage floor, a plastic dimpled membrane is required if the floor is going to be boarded (either with chipboard, plywood or similar) or if a concrete screed is going to be laid. rifraf74. 00 Ex VAT. #1. Whilst this is not ideal, it can be a low-cost solution, which is easier than restoring old tiles, or completely digging out and relaying a new floor. And yes you can level the floor after. It helps stop moisture passing from one to the other. 19. It stops around 10mm away from the internal walls in all rooms. If it’s solid wood you need a surface dpm. Apply prior to laying laminate or wooden flooring, over wall-to-floor junctions. Ideal for Use in Basements/Cellars but may also be Used as an External Coating for Concrete, Brick, Block & Bonded Renders. The carpet fitter said the concrete floor was too damp for the flooring i wanted. They also have excellent adhesion to saturated concrete even at lower temperatures making them ideal for tough winter conditions. Before applying the damp proof paint, stir the contents of the bucket well. 60 Ex VAT. PRODUCT CODE: SDH0931. 28 days or sealed when set with one coat of ARDEX HydrEpoxy WPM 300 at a coverage rate of 3. Oldroyd Xs. Waterproof. A liquid epoxy damp proof membrane (DPM) is a two-component epoxy resin membrane, specifically designed to be applied to damp floors to create a barrier between your floor and the layer below. I 've dug down and put 100mm of concrete down will liquid dpm to meet up with the existing dpm and 50mm screed ontop easy. Liquid DPM can be applied to the base layer using trowels, rollers, squeegees or brushes. Suitable with underfloor heating. Test scraping the floor it seems I can get all the ridges off quite easily, but inevitably, there will still be a bitumen stain on the concrete surface. In a case where the floor is wholly below ground level, as is the case in a basement, all walls should be tanked. How to install a liquid damp proof membrane you when to use a damp proof membrane wood and beyond blog how to lay a liquid based damp proof membrane you what is a dpm and why do i need one polycote. 00 € 60. Liquid DPM is a substance used to create a waterproof layer on the walls and floors in your building to help stop moisture and rising damp from penetrating the foundation and. Wait until the first coat of liquid DPM is touch-dry - approximately 15 to 30 minutes at 20°C – before applying the second coat at right angles to the. Before applying the damp proof paint, stir the contents of the bucket well. When installing an underlay process, roll out the damp-proof membrane the same way you do a carpet and cut to size. richel7; 17 May 2010; Floors, Stairs and Lofts; Replies 6 Views 20K. A decent fitter will test the slab for you before fitting anyway. Depth of screed. 00 Inc VAT. We supply trade quality DIY and home improvement products at great low prices. We have purchased a 4 bed detached house built in the 1950's. This enables earlier access onto the floor for the application of screeds, coatings and other floor coverings including tiles, vinyl, wood and carpets. Additionally, it’s important to factor in the load capacity of the. I would think a strip out and start again would be your best option, you should consider where/why there is water evident before. Waterproof Blue is a one-product-solution for the waterproofing prior to tiling in bathrooms, wet-rooms and concrete floors. Once the DPM is applied you need a laytex screed, so your adhesive and karndean stick to it. The Drybase range of liquid-applied coatings including Drybase ECS Epoxy Floor Coatings and Drybase Liquid-Applied DPM can be applied directly to damp floors to create a damp-proof barrier without raising the floor. Add to Cart. A DPM on an external tiled area will protect moisture sensitive stone such as granite from staining due to rising ground floor water, as well as rain water. is a rubber en-riched bitumen emulsion which provides a highly ef-fective sandwich damp proof membrane for floors. If you have a engineered wood floor and your new slab is dry below 75%rh then technically you don’t need one. Polymer based liquid DPM to resist the penetration of gases (including radon), vapours and liquids. 99. Property is mid 1960s, solid ground floor. Barcode 5055047210603. USES For priming, consolidating and sealing of: Absorbent and non-absorbent sub-floors, consolidat-ing weak cement screed and isolation of old adhesive residues. I am looking for some advise about laying a SLC with a liquid DPM. Discover how and why you should be. Model No: DPC225. You run the risk of having a failed concrete floor and a failed floor-covering when you try to force nature 100% solids, high build coating. Wait until the first coat of liquid DPM is touch-dry - approximately 15 to 30 minutes at 20°C – before applying the second coat at right angles to the. DPM Membranes for Concrete Floors ; Damp Proof Course; Damp Proof Paint; Rising Damp Treatment; Water Repellents; Vapour Control Layers; Internal Waterproofing;. Whats people lookup in this blog: Liquid Damp Proof Membrane For Concrete Floor; Liquid Moisture Barrier For. Option 3 – Apply a liquid DPM. An acrylic brush-on membrane, Dunlop Damp-Proof Waterproofing will prevent rising damp, efflorescence and will resist negative hydrostatic pressure. This water-based compound can be applied to damp concrete floor slabs, screeds and walls. External wet concrete should be allowed to dry thoroughly or sealed with one coat of ARDEX HydrEpoxy WPM 300 as above. Can be used as a damp proof membrane and as part of a designed structural waterproofing system. Our Waterproof Blue can be used in showers, bathrooms, wet rooms, basements and other areas of your building that need to be protected from excessive. DPMs come in solid or liquid form, the latter being a practicable solution for a garage conversion. For instance, our garage floor paint kits. may then be applied. How to apply Damp Proof Paint. Excessive moisture below concrete slabs can cause structural degradation of soil bearing strengths, and swelling and shrinkage of soil. £49. Virtually solvent free liquid epoxy resin damp-proofer. Use polyethylene sheeting to create a waterproof membrane to ensure that there is no leakage of the screed when it is pumped in wet. House built in 60's. 40 per L. Wall and floor moisture barrier. 99. A very hard surface that is impervious to moisture is produced once the liquid membrane has been put into the concrete and has dried. Drybase Liquid-Applied Damp-Proof Membrane High-strength damp-proof coating for a wide variety of applications. Liquid epoxy DPM for existing concrete floors. Alternatively, liquid DPM solutions based on reaction resin systems which can be applied on top of the substrate to control moisture up to 98% RH. Isolates damp substrates for new floor finishes including carpets and laminated flooring. 99Inc Vat. Wickes Quick Drying Drive Seal - 5L. I'm looking to tile the floor, which currently has parquet on it, bonded to the concrete with a bitumen adhesive. 3 bar/65psi for 14 days (ASTM C1306-05a)DIYDave. When we stick any floor down to the sub floor, solid or engineered, we insist on installing a liquid DPM unless the existing is guaranteed to be 100% in tact. Drybase Liquid-Applied DPM is a single-component two-coat paintable damp-proof coating that is easily applied to substrates by brush, roller, or spray. If you have that problem, I don't think a damp-proof membrane on top of the concrete will help. • 5L tin offers coverage of approximately 6. For this solution, you are essentially painting the floor of the basement. You also mentioned that there are vinyl tiles over the floor. Like 2. 3. Developed to suppress residual construction moisture in cementitious subfloors including power floated concrete and sand/cement screeds. The damp is all in the lower part of the walls (the first couple of feet) and is particularly bad in the skirting boards (some of which have. 30mm. Damp proofing can also be integral when added to the concrete mix, the concrete itself water resistant. The membranes can sit above or below the slab. Fixing such an issue requires either applying a damp-proof coating to the surface of the concrete or a damp-proof membrane could be laid at the top of the concrete during construction: Damp-Proof Floor Coatings: A lot of the damp-proof floor coatings these days can be applied directly to the concrete floor surface using either a brush or a roller. 21 May 2010. link with wall DPCs to form an impervious barrier to prevent moisture reaching the interior of the dwelling. Coverage: 1 gallon of Abocrete, without sand or aggregate, covers 80 sq. Damp proof membrane paint is a liquid DPM that blocks the action of penetrating damp on floors, ceilings, and internal walls. Colour: Black. With a consistency similar to that of thick emulsion paint, it's suitable for use on solid floors, embedded timbers and. Preparation is key with these coatings and the substrate must be sufficiently clean and dry. Liquid epoxy DPMs are ideal for concrete floors, such as garages, where the original damp proof membrane is missing or has broken down. It stops around 10mm away from the internal walls in all rooms. Buildings have been dampproofed for years, a practice that used to be. Aug 27, 2017. it’s was very easy to work with, it had excellent adhesion to the concrete floor it was being applied to. Withstands 98% RH. Wykamol Technoseal DPM Damp Proof Paint. The same larger hole after I cut back some of the sandy concrete. Thread starter rifraf74; Start date 22 Feb 2007; R. I will also be putting down a damp proof membrane under the underlay so I don't get the problem again. Concrete floors subject to rising damp; New or old concrete floors where a DPM has failed or was never installed; Suitable for heavy wear areas; Use on areas of damp concrete which cannot be surface dried prior to painting; Features. Because we were laying Karndean Flooring to a new extension we needed to check the % RH(relative humidity) of the concrete with a hygrometer. The best approach to damp-proof a concrete floor is with a liquid-applied DPM (damp-proof membrane). Damp Proofing Concrete. Renders and Cured for min. Since 1991, Polycote have laid millions of square metres of epoxy floor paints and coatings in almost every environment throughout the UK. How to Damp proof a floor and walls using synthaproof as a damp proof membrane is shown in this tutorial. This should be laid on top of the insulation board. applying 2 coats of Drybase® Liquid DPM. To ascertain if this is the case, there are two main techniques for testing a substrate’s moisture level, which. The biggest advantage of using a liquid Damp Proof course, is that you do not have to rip up concrete floors. This should be applied in a minimum of two coats (i. weberfloor DPM can be applied on substrates such as concrete and cement-based levelling compounds. PU280-S. Once applied, it cures to form a flexible and elastic membrane that. 70 Ex VAT. Drybase Liquid-Applied DPM is water-based. 2. To laymen, it would seem like this. If the floor has no dpm, it'll have a damp history. 100% solids, high build coating. A decent fitter will test the slab for you before fitting anyway. The vinyl being laid before the concrete has dried out. If you need to lay floor tile. A liquid DPM such as Bostik Cempolatex Moisture Suppressant must be applied in two coats. Add to basket. . Vapour barriers. This plastic sheeting is commonly used to protect a building's concrete slab from moisture rising from the foundations. The black layer is possibly the adhesive from the previous floor such as thermo plastic tiles or parquet. Applications: Floors. If this is the case then either a damp proof membrane sheet or a 2 part liquid damp proof membrane should be used over the concrete sub-floor. The DPM we use does not cancel all moisture out as this will end up. ★★★★★ ★★★★★ ( 3 ) Product code: 47327. Wickes are open, click and collect only, as are all the other ‘hardware’ type businesses. Sika Waterproof Coating Grey 5kg. The product is applied in two coats. Damp proof for concrete floor. You can apply this versatile formula using a roller or brush, whether you're working on a cosy living room or an. Mix. I have bought a 1950s house. These black DPMs can also be used with underfloor heating - under normal operating conditions this will not adversely affect the membrane. Dust, dirt, oil, grease and other contaminants should be completely removed. Shop for waterproofing products & vapor barriers designed to protect your foundation. It might seem a bit unusual.